IN-STENT STENOSIS

CTV showed in-stent stenosis at the cephalad end of the stent with filling of collaterals suggestive of a more chronic process consistent with her presentation. Notably this was associated with an indwelling port.

She was referred to IR for re-intervention. Home medications include Xarelto. During the history-taking process, it was disclosed her port had not been used for 5 years, and the patient consented for port removal as part of venous intervention.

Most cases of SVC syndrome are attributed to what etiology?

A.       Indwelling central venous catheters

B.       Malignancy

C.      Congenital vascular anomaly

D.      Fibrosing stricture